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Bonobos use manual and bodily gestures significantly more when recipients are attentive to them, suggesting these movements are intentionally communicative, and they seem to anticipate and respond to signals before they have been fully articulated, with a timing between the initiation of an action and its response is similar to what has been documented in adult human interaction. Bonobos use head gestures more frequently than chimpanzees, and in a greater variety of contexts, which suggests that bonobos are more sophisticated in their use of the head as a signal medium when compared with the other ape species. Our results thus strengthen the hypothesis that interactional intelligence paved the way to the cooperative endeavour of human language and suggest that social matrices highly impact upon communication styles.
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While bonobos consistently addressed the recipient via gaze before signal initiation and used so-called overlapping responses, chimpanzees engaged in more extended negotiations, involving frequent response waiting and gestural sequences. Results showed that communicative exchanges in both species resemble cooperative turn-taking sequences in human conversation. Focusing on the communicative function of joint-travel-initiation, we applied parameters of conversation analysis to gestural exchanges between mothers and infants. Here, we revisited this claim by conducting the first systematic comparison of communicative interactions in mother-infant dyads living in two different communities of bonobos (LuiKotale, DRC Wamba, DRC) and chimpanzees (Taï South, Côte d’Ivoire Kanyawara, Uganda) in the wild. Although our closest living relatives, bonobos and chimpanzees, show general cooperative abilities, their communicative interactions seem to lack the cooperative nature of human conversation. It has been suggested that it evolved as part of a larger adaptation of humans’ species-unique forms of cooperation. Human language is a fundamentally cooperative enterprise, embodying fast-paced and extended social interactions.